それは戦争という物理的破壊で資本の収益額が低下したからなのです。 つまり大戦後の累進税制による所得税導入の結果とも言えます。
ピケティ氏は「この期間が特殊で、長期的に見れば貧富の格差拡大が資本主義経済発展の自然な姿だ」述べています。
氏が予測する21世紀の資本主義とはつまり、遡って19世紀型資本主義を指しているのです。
所得の格差を決定づけるのは、個々人の能力ではなく、個々人が初期条件として所有する資本、つまり相続で得た富である。(これはこれまでのでAmerican Dreamを打ち消す事になります) 「21世紀には、個々人がどのような知識を身に着け、どのような職業に就くかではなく、だれの子どもに生まれるかが所得を決定する」。
このような社会では人々は市場経済を支える前提である「機会の平等と能力主義への信頼」を失ってしまいます。
これを克服するには所得の累進税率の引き上げと再分配の強化だけでは十分ではなく、資産に対する累進課税の必要性をピケティ氏は力説しています。
たとえば、純資産100万ユーロ以下は非課税、100万―500万ユーロは年率1%、500万ユーロ以上は年率2%というように。
ただし、前述の通り経済学者の中には"Critics argue that Pikkety’s framework is incomplete as he overlooks the role of factors like technology, tax policy, and training."とあるように「テクノロジーや税制についてピケティ氏の見方は不完全だ!」と反論するグループのあります。
このEmmanuel Saezをはじめとする反対グループの論点は"It is the income and savings inequality that has stimulated the U.S. wealth disparity and not the after-tax return on capital and the economic growth rate disparity."です。
「収入と貯蓄の不平等が米国の富のdisparity(格差)をstimulate(刺激、掻き立てて)している。税引き後の資本収益率や経済成長率の格差ではない」と言っているのですね。
また、米国でピケティブームが起きているのは、1970年代以降生じている貧富の格差拡大をアカデミズムがきちんと説明できなかったからと言われています。
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Credit Suisse, the research firm has recently released a report on global trends in household wealth. The subject matter of the report titled “Global Wealth Report 2014” concerns the level and trend of global wealth inequality. The report presents a shocking account of the global inequality of wealth. In its report, Credit Suisse asserts that the top 10% of the populations of a number of countries own a significant share of the national wealth. The report estimates that less than 1% of total adults worldwide own 44% of global wealth whereas, on the other hand around, 3.3 billion individuals who comprise over 70% of adults worldwide own wealth below ASD 10,000. The Global Wealth Report reviews the distribution of global household wealth and reflects a rising concern upon the distributional consequences of rapid wealth growth.
The report confirms that although the global economic environment has been sluggish but the total global wealth grew by $20.1 trillion during mid-2013 and mid-2014. The global wealth has touched new heights by recording a rise of 8.3 percent to reach $263 trillion during the period. However the benefits of rise in global wealth have been disproportionately distributed among population. The report represents this global wealth inequality in the form of the wealth pyramid featuring variations in personal wealth by placing millionaires at the top and less wealthy individuals occupying the middle and lower of the pyramid.
Russia's top 10% population, for an example, owns a significant 84.8% of that country's wealth. The report also mentions the case of Japan and Belgium, the two countries where such inequality of incomes is not considerable. Japan’s top 10% population owns 48.5% wealth while in Belgium they hold 47.2% wealth. The report further establishes that inequality in distribution of wealth is an outcome of the impact and relative importance of economic growth rate of the country, country’s demographic trends, savings behavior of population, general macroeconomic trends, and government policies related to taxation and pension provision.
According to the report put forward by Credit Suisse, the inequality of wealth has grown dramatically with the beginning of 21st century across the world. While the wealth of top decile in emerging markets like Egypt and China has grown considerably; it has declined in countries including Canada, Saudi Arabia, and Poland. There are a few countries like Peru, the US, and Australia where no change in the distribution of wealth has been observed over this time period.
One of the surprising and most discussed findings of the report relates to wealth inequality in socio-democratic nations of Scandinavia. Usually it is presumed that capitalist nations record greater inequality in distribution of household wealth but according to the assessments of Credit Suisse, the top decile in three Nordic countries viz. Norway, Sweden and Denmark hold between 65 and 69 per cent of those nations' wealth. The figures are on a higher side as compared to that of countries like the US, Canada and Australia where the top 10% population holds 50-60%. The report admits that such a higher degree of the inequality of wealth in Scandinavian countries is a consequence of multiple factors including generous social security programs, good public pensions, and provision of free higher education, openhanded student loans, prevailing unemployment and popularity of health insurance; ultimately reducing the need for personal household savings. The report provides that while the top 10 percent wealthy population of Norway, Sweden and Denmark continue to accumulate both for business as well as personal purposes, the middle and lower strata in these countries finds no real motivation to accumulate wealth, thereby enlarging this wealth gap.
The report has drawn attention of economists worldwide and initiated a public debate on what may be the possible reasons behind growing inequality of household wealth. A considerable argument in this context has been provided by renowned French economist Thomas Pikkety, who states that the most powerful force acting behind the greater wealth inequality in the United States since 1970s is the gap between the after-tax return on capital and the economic growth rate. Pikkety presents his argument symbolically as “r>g” but this claim has not been approved by majority of the economists worldwide. Critics argue that Pikkety’s framework is incomplete as he overlooks the role of factors like technology, tax policy, and training. In similar lines, Emmanuel Saez, another economist suggests that it is the income and savings inequality that has stimulated the U.S. wealth disparity and not the after-tax return on capital and the economic growth rate disparity.
Credit Suisse in its report projects the prospective trends of wealth distribution in 2019. The global household wealth is expected to grow by 40 percent during this period and emerging nations will account for 26 percent of additional wealth. The report also projects a growth of 50 percent in number of millionaires worldwide. These signs of wealth growth although reflect global prosperity but at the same time threaten to generate extreme inequalities and massive discontentment, and undermine democratic values. But as Pikkety states these economic trends are not acts of God and as political action in the past has controlled such threatening inequalities, it may do so again.